Muscle Relaxant
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The muscle-relaxant drug Baclofen has been suggested as a potential drug therapy for alcohol-use disorder, but previous clinical studies have generated conflicting results. With this in mind, researchers recently undertook to measure the impact of the drug on the behavior of anxious, alcohol-dependent individuals.
Used in combination with drug treatments, some people find electrical stimulation therapies useful. These therapies use electrical impulses to stimulate the muscles and nerve fibres affected by spasticity.
This is another form of electrical stimulation that is applied through pads attached to the surface of the skin. TENS machines may help control the pain that some people experience with muscle spasms.
However MS affects you, exercise will help you stay as healthy as possible. All kinds of movement can be good for you. You might enjoy sports, while someone else may prefer Tai Chi or yoga. Gentler activities like gardening and cleaning use your muscles too.
Skeletal muscle relaxants are drugs that block the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) by binding to acetylcholine (ACh) receptors located on it. This process leads to paralysis of all skeletal muscles, starting with the small muscles of the face and paralyzing the diaphragm last. Succinylcholine, the only depolarizing NMJ-blocking drug, binds to ACh receptors and causes a prolonged depolarization of the motor end plate, resulting in flaccid paralysis. Nondepolarizing NMJ-blocking drugs bind to the ACh receptors and prevent depolarization of the motor end plate (depolarization block). These drugs are subdivided into short-acting, intermediate-acting, and long-acting agents. Based on the duration of action, NMJ-blocking drugs are useful adjuncts to anesthetic agents and are, therefore, used for laryngeal intubation, artificial ventilation, or intraoperative skeletal muscle relaxation. All NMJ-blocking drugs cause respiratory arrest (apnea) by paralyzing the diaphragm and intercostal muscles, requiring patients to be artificially ventilated. Succinylcholine is a known trigger of malignant hyperthermia and can also cause hyperkalemia, postoperative muscle pain, and cardiac arrhythmias. Nondepolarizing drugs that cause histamine release (atracurium) or have sympathomimetic properties (pancuronium) can cause bronchospasms and tachycardia. Patients who have received NMJ-blocking drugs must be monitored either clinically (e.g., ability to lift head/legs or open eyes) or with a peripheral nerve stimulator to assess the degree of skeletal muscle paralysis. Antagonists to nondepolarizing drugs (neostigmine, pyridostigmine, sugammadex) are used to reverse the NMJ block. Inadequate reversal can cause respiratory complications. Succinylcholine does not have a specific antagonist.
1. Normal neuromuscular transmission.\\\\nOn receiving a neural impulse, the vesicles containing acetylcholine (ACh) fuse with the presynaptic membrane of the motor neuron and release ACh into the synaptic cleft. The nicotinic ACh receptors, located on the postsynaptic membrane, are ligand-gated ion channels. When two ACh molecules bind to a nicotinic ACh receptor, the ion channel opens and Na+ influxes into the muscle cell, increasing its membrane potential. This depolarizes the muscle cell, thereby transmitting the nerve impulse to the muscle. Cholinesterase, present on the motor endplate, cleaves ACh into acetate and choline. Choline is taken up by the motor neuron and reused in the synthesis of more ACh.
2. Mechanism of action of a depolarizing muscle relaxant\\\\nDepolarizing muscle relaxants are ACh-receptor agonists. They bind to the ACh receptors and transmit the nerve impulse to the muscle cell, similar to normal neuromuscular transmission (see above). As they are not metabolized by cholinesterase, depolarizing muscle relaxants remain bound to the ACh receptor, which stays open, inhibiting repolarization of the muscle cell and resulting in persistent depolarization of the motor endplate and flaccid paralysis of the skeletal muscles.
3. Cessation of the effect of depolarizing muscle relaxants\\\\nDepolarizing muscle relaxants are cleared off by blood. With the next neural impulse, ACh is released into the synaptic cleft, which binds to the ACh receptor, thereby allowing normal neuromuscular transmission.
Supramaximal stimuli are administered to the ulnar nerve by two electrodes placed on the venteromedial surface of the distal forearm. The intensity of adductor pollicus muscle contraction in response to ulnar nerve stimulation can be measured objectively using a piezoelectric sensor attached to the thumb. Neuromuscular monitoring is used to measure the degree of muscle paralysis that occurs with the use of neuromuscular blocking agents.
1. Normal neuromuscular transmission\\\\nOn receiving a neural impulse, the vesicles containing acetylcholine (ACh) fuse with the presynaptic membrane of the motor neuron and release ACh into the synaptic cleft. The nicotinic ACh receptors, located on the postsynaptic membrane, are ligand-gated ion channels. When two ACh molecules bind to a nicotinic ACh receptor, the ion channel opens and Na+ influxes into the muscle cell, increasing its membrane potential. This depolarizes the muscle cell, thereby transmitting the nerve impulse to the muscle. Cholinesterase, present on the motor endplate, cleaves ACh into acetate and choline. Choline is taken up by the motor neuron and reused in the synthesis of more ACh.
2. Mechanism of action of a nondepolarizing muscle relaxant\\\\nNondepolarizing muscle relaxants are competitive antagonists of ACh receptors. They compete with ACh to bind with nicotinic ACh receptors at the motor endplate and block the receptors. The ion channels do not open and the nerve impulse is not transmitted to the muscle cell (nondepolarization block).
3. Cessation of effect of nondepolarizing muscle relaxants on administering a cholinesterase inhibitor\\\\nCholinesterase inhibitors bind to the cholinesterase enzyme and inhibit the breakdown of ACh within the synaptic cleft. ACh concentration in the synaptic cleft increases because there is less ACh breakdown. ACh is able to bind to ACHRs, allowing for normal neuromuscular transmission. The nondepolarizing muscle relaxants are removed by blood and lymph.
Researchers in the University of Florida College of Pharmacy have identified certain combinations of muscle relaxants and opioid prescriptions that are safe, while others increase the risk of opioid overdoses and should be avoided.
Skeletal muscle relaxants, or SMRs, are commonly prescribed medications used to relieve muscle spasms associated with painful conditions, such as lower back pain. They hold promise in combatting the opioid crisis because they can reduce the need for high opioid doses in treating pain.
If a disc slips from its place between vertebrae and pinches a nerve, the electrical signals that move from the nerve to nearby muscle tissue may be disrupted, leading to painful muscle spasms. Muscle relaxant medications can calm spasms and ease pain, letting you move more easily. Your doctor may prescribe these medications for a week or two. After that, pain caused by muscle spasms often goes away on its own.
If a herniated disc pinches a nerve, the pain can be severe. Over-the-counter medications may work to relieve pain, but if not, your doctor may recommend a brief course of prescription pain relievers. These medications are to be used for a week, at most; they are intended to help you feel better until a muscle relaxant or anti-inflammatory medication starts to work. 59ce067264